"Municipal Solid Waste Management in the UK and Cyprus" By: Cleo Varianou
Almost all human actions can give rise to materials which if they do not recycle or reuse them then they constitute waste (Wilson 1981). It is important to manage waste correctly otherwise there will be a significant impact on the environment.
This project aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) system in the UK and Cyprus in terms of securing sustainability and protection of the environment and human health. In particular, the study is focused on specific towns in the UK (Manchester and Salford) and in Cyprus (Nicosia, Limassol), using the first two towns as a great example of improvement.
This research inter alia, aims to examine the level of awareness and public participation in recycling which is a way to help Local Authorities (LA) manage waste. Thus, questionnaires have send to the above towns but also to Larnaca and Paphos which are towns without recycling system in order to find out what people believe about recycling. Overall, there have been some steps for improvement of MSWM in both countries especially in the UK. However, in order to achieve better results it is required to promote even more Waste Hierarchy and educate people about the overall MSWM approach.

Η παρουσίαση έγινε στα πλαίσια του συνεδρίου με τίτλο: Waste Management and the Cyprus Tourism Industry

Οι σχεδιασμοί του κράτους

Waste Management & Research

Assessing the impacts of changes in treatment technology on energy and greenhouse gas balances for organic waste and wastewater treatment using historical data

"Applying Compost - Benefits and Needs"
The Environment Directorate-General of the European Commission and the Ministry for Agriculture & Forestry, Environment & Water Management of the Republic of Austria organised a scientific seminar on "Applying Compost - Benefits and Needs" in Brussels on 22 and 23 November 2001

The seminar was the occasion to present a literature research on "Evaluation of Sustainable Beneficial Effects of Compost on Soil Fertility and Soil Productivity" carried out by a study group composed by DI Florian Amlinger (Compost - Consulting & Development, A), Dr. Peter Dreher, Karlheinz Weinfurtner (Fraunhofer Institute Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, D) and Professor Stephen Nortcliff (Department of Soil Science, University of Reading, UK).

The EEA report 'Diverting waste from landfill' finds that the EU Landfill Directive has been a positive force in altering management of biodegradable municipal waste in the EU. The study explains how setting medium- and long-term targets for reducing landfilling has helped countries to define waste strategies and target investments.
Αdopted in 1999, the Landfill Directive was a milestone in EU waste policy. It responded to shortages of landfill capacity in some Member States, as well as methane emissions and water and soil pollution, which were serious concerns by the mid-1990s. The Directive aims to divert refuse from landfill, encouraging re-use, recycling and recovery.

Ten years on, is there a success story to tell? Is the EU succeeding in shifting waste from landfill to more environmentally-friendly ways of managing waste? Which strategies and measures have proven most effective in different national and regional contexts?

The EEA report released today analyses and compares waste management in Estonia, Finland, the Flemish Region of Belgium, Germany, Hungary and Italy to find out how practices and policies have shifted in the last decade. From the strategies and measures reviewed, it extracts important conclusions for policy-makers across the EU that will help in meeting the Directive's next targets in 2016 and beyond.

Every year more and more waste is generated in the European Union. The volume of waste generated constitutes one of the parameters for measuring the degree of sustainability of our way of life. More has to be done to minimise the quantity of waste produced and to maximise the quantity of waste recycled. This booklet is about how local authorities can be at the forefront of waste management and help all of us
contribute to a better environment.
When we eat, mow the lawn or prune trees, we produce waste. But this waste is a special type of waste. It can easily be transformed into a useful product that can enhance the quality of our soils, especially the soils that an intensive agricultural system is making less fertile. This product is compost.

Compost is the odourless, stable and humus-like material rich in organic matter as well as proteins and carbohydrates, which originates from the composting process of organic wastes. The ‘magic’ of transforming a putrescible, pungent and wet waste into an organic material smelling of soil and freshly turned earth is performed by nature. Bacteria, fungi and worms are all involved. Human technology is only mimicking and speeding up what nature is doing every day under our very own eyes.
The success stories in this booklet will show you that it is not necessary to make big investments and have a sophisticated industrial plant for producing compost — you can do it in your garden!

STUDY ON THE SUITABILITY OF THE DIFFERENT WASTE-DERIVED FUELS FOR END-OF-WASTE STATUS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 6 OF THE WASTE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE

The objective of this study is to provide detailed information and analyses to the 271 European Commission on all the relevant aspects needed for proposing the 272 end-of-waste status of fuels derived from waste. It analyses the suitability of dif273 ferent waste-derived fuels (WDFs) for obtaining the end-of-waste status in ac274 cordance with the requirements set out in Article 6 (1) of the Waste Framework 275 Directive2

In this study, the term “waste-derived fuels” is understood in a wide and com224
prehensive sense, so as to include any type of fuel, be it solid, liquid or gas,